Refractive Error
This is the most common cause of diminution of vision in all groups of people. Refractive Error is the inability of the eye to focus light properly, resulting in hazy vision. It can be myopia (short-sightedness, requiring minus glasses), hypermetropia (long-sightedness, requiring plus glasses) or astigmatism (faulty meridian, requiring cylindrical glasses).
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Cataract
It is the second most common cause of blindness. Cataract is a condition where the transparent lens becomes opaque, and light is unable to enter the eye. Common symptoms include reduced vision, glares, coloured halos around light and sometimes, pain. Treatment includes glasses to some extent, followed by surgical removal of the lens and implantation of a new artificial lens.
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Glaucoma
Known as the silent killer of vision, glaucoma is an eye disease characterized by rise of pressure within the eye, changes in the nerve and abnormality in the field of vision. It is often congenital and hereditary. Symptoms include reduced field of vision, headache, coloured halos and ultimately decreased vision. Treatment is by proper use of medicines and in some cases, surgery.
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Squint
It is the condition where the orientation of one or both the eyes is different. It can sometimes be present since birth. Apart from cosmetic problem, it may also cause diminution of vision, double vision and headache. Treatment includes proper exercise with equipment, glasses and surgery.
Vitreo Retinopathy
In this condition, the retina or the nerve layer of the eye is affected. It sometimes disturbs and causes bleeding in the jelly-like substance called vitreous present within the eye. Symptoms include sudden diminution of vision (in hemorrhage or stroke), perception of flashes and floaters (retinal detachment, vitreous detachment) and gradual diminution of vision (diabetic retinopathy). Treatment includes medicines, injections in the eye, laser therapy and surgery.
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Conjunctivitis
This eye disease is the inflammation of the white of the eye due to infection. Inflammation and allergy symptoms include redness, itching, pain, discharge, watering. It can be bacterial, viral or due to other pathogens. Treatment is by maintaining proper hygiene and medicine.
Uveitis
This is the inflammation of the middle layer of the eyeball, known as uvea. It can be anterior, intermediate or posterior uveitis. Symptoms include sudden diminution of vision with or without pain, redness and headache. Management includes medicines and injections, and rarely surgery.
Dry Eyes
One of the commonest eye conditions of this time. resulting from over usage of digital devices, dry eyes result from reduction in ocular moisture. Symptoms include itching, redness and foreign body sensation. Treatment includes dietary and lifestyle modifications, and medicines.